As computers become faster, memory access speeds are keeping pace. A cache is typically ____ times faster than RAM but much smaller. Von Neumann Bottleneck The difference in speed between a CPU and main memory. To understand how computers process information, we must study computers as collections of ____ that perform tasks such as information processing, information storage, computation, and data transfer functional units. The Von Neumann bottleneck is the inability of the sequential one-instruction-at-a-time computer Von Neumann model to handle today's large-scale problems. 1.2 What units are typically used to measure the speed of a computer clock? How the program and data memories are connected to the CPU (MEMORY/DATA-BUS ARCHITECTURE). Defines how the ISA is implemented in hardware. By contrast, software is the set of instructions that can be stored and run by hardware. The branch of computer science that studies computers in terms of their major functional units and how they work is known as computer organization. 1 Questions for the exam in “Computers and Networks” Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Name the three basic components of every computer. The CPU can either be reading an instruction from memory OR writing data to the memory. The ____ machine language instructions alter the normal sequential flow of control. In the Von Neumann architecture, what two components make up the CPU? It is sometimes referred to as the microprocessor or processor. If a computer has a maximum of 2^N memory cells, then each address field in a machine language instruction must be ____ bits wide to enable us to address every cell. A computer program is made up of sets of instructions which are encoded using the binary numbering system. Registers can be accessed much more quickly than random access memory. 1.3 State Moore’s Law. It's a problem caused by the data bus which is a lot slower than the rate at which the CPU can carry out instructions. The first computer to achieve a speed of 1 million floating-point operations per second, 1 ____________________, was the Control Data 6600 in the mid-1960s. the address bus helps to transfer memory addresses while the data bus helps to send and receive data. John von Neumann, original name János Neumann, (born December 28, 1903, Budapest, Hungary—died February 8, 1957, Washington, D.C., U.S.), Hungarian-born American mathematician.As an adult, he appended von to his surname; the hereditary title had been granted his father in 1913. The von Neumann bottleneck is partially overcome in practice by using a very fast bus, called the memory bus, to connect the CPU, memory, and the PCI bus. MIMD parallelism is a scalable architecture. This type of architecture has severe limitations to the performance of the system as it creates a bottleneck while accessing the memory. The acronym ____ is frequently used to refer to the memory unit of a computer. In a two-level memory hierarchy, when the computer needs a piece of information, it looks in RAM first, then cache memory. What are the pros and cons of Von Neumann architecture? which it uses for processing: program counter - holds the … The shared bus between the program memory and data memory leads to the Von Neumann bottleneck, the limited throughput (data transfer rate) between the CPU and memory compared to the amount of memory. Machines that use the simplified approach to designing instruction sets are known as ____________________ machines. A(n) ____ is a storage cell that holds the operands of an arithmetic operation and that, when the operation is complete, holds its result. Although there are many differ-ent computers, most of them share the same Von Neumann Architecture, with the following describes the single processor-memory path Deep Blue beat a human chess Grandmaster using _____ methods brute force Watson defeated human Jeopardy! The von Neumann bottleneck _____. The Von Neumann bottleneck is the inability of the sequential one-instruction-at-a-time computer Von Neumann model to handle today's large-scale problems. Because program memory and data memory cannot be accessed at the same time, throughput is much smaller than the rate at which the CPU can work. During the ____ phase, the control unit circuitry generates the necessary sequence of control signals and data transfer signals to the other units of the computer to carry out the instruction. → JavaScript arrays 5 Study Guide Flashcards | Quizlet Computer manufacturers use a standard cell size of eight ____________________. It's sometimes called a logic chip. What's the difference between a data bus and an address bus? Control Unit Arithmetic unit What technology alleviates the problem of the "Von Neumann bottleneck? The instructions that can be decoded and executed by the control unit of a computer are represented in machine language. The CPU can either be reading an instruction from memory OR writing data to the memory. To alert the computer that an input/output operation is done, a(n) ____ is transmitted to the processor. What are the two catagories of microarchitecture? Stored-program concept, Storage of instructions in computer memory to enable it to perform a variety of tasks in sequence or intermittently. Memory locations are stored in row major order. It can't write the data value of the previous instruction whilst being fed new instructions, which slows the processor down. What are the PIC18 program memory and data memory sizes? ____ machines are designed to directly provide a wide range of powerful features so that finished programs for these processors are shorter. While physically and electrically isolating the circuitry fro… A system bus is a single computer bus that connects the major components of a computer system, combining the functions of a data bus to carry information, an address bus to determine where it should be sent, and a control bus to determine its operation. The set of all operations that can be executed by a processor is called its I/O set. Isolation can be accomplished using electromagnetic, capacitive, or optical devices. In the SIMD parallel processing model, the control unit ____ instructions to every ALU. Figure 2.1 represents one of several possible ways of interconnecting these components. The Memory Data Register contains the address of the cell being fetched or stored. 1. 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